Carabaos (Bubalus bubalis) play a significant role in the Philippines’ rural economy. It is utilized as a source of draft power in farming, meat, and milk production. However, carabaos are also intermediate hosts for some parasites, such as Schistosoma japonicum. To capitalize on carabaos for their economic benefits, it is critical that we also develop vaccines to prevent carabaos from serving as conduits for spreading infectious parasites that can affect human health. 

The poultry industry is a significant contributor to Philippine agricultural production. Given the rising concerns about antibiotic resistance and food security, farmers need to maximize profit and output while ensuring safe and ecologically sustainable farming practices.